01Technical readiness
Whether the technology works at the stage claimed rather than the stage hoped for. Scale-up discontinuities between bench, pilot and first commercial unit. Dependencies on inputs, permits, interconnection or feedstock outside the company’s control. Where the engineering risk actually sits, as opposed to where the deck says it sits.
02Commercial compulsion
Not addressable market. A named buyer, a named budget line, a named trigger. What forces that buyer to act, and when. Procurement cycles, offtake structure, regulatory timing, and whether the cost case survives without a subsidy that may not be there in three years.
03Execution capacity
Whether the founding team can do what the deck describes. What they have executed before, where the gaps are, whether the governance structure lets a board help early enough to matter, and whether the team tells you the truth when the number slips.
04Capital readiness
What backing this actually commits you to. Total capital to breakeven, dilution to exit, and whether the runway reaches a milestone a later investor treats as de-risking — set against the date the buyer becomes compelled. What the second unit costs, with the decline attributed to named causes rather than an assumed rate.